Climate, soil type, and geographic distribution of actinomycetoma cases in Northeast Mexico: A cross-sectional study

Mycetoma is a chronic, granulomatous infection of subcutaneous tissue, that may involve deep structures and bone. It can be caused by bacteria (actinomycetoma) or fungi (eumycetoma). There is an epidemiological association between mycetoma and the environment, including rainfall, temperature and humidity but there are still many knowledge gaps in the identification of the natural habitat of actinomycetes, their primary reservoir, and their precise geographical distribution.

Knowing the potential distribution of this infection and its ecological niche in endemic areas is relevant to determine disease management strategies and etiological agent habitat or reservoirs.This was an ambispective descriptive study of 31 patients with actinomycetoma.

We determined the biophysical characteristics including temperature, precipitation, soil type, vegetation, etiological agents, and mapped actinomycetoma cases in Northeast Mexico. We identified two disease cluster areas. One in Nuevo Leon, with a predominantly kastanozems soil type, with a mean annual temperature of 22°, and a mean annual precipitation of 585.2 mm.

Herein, mycetoma cases were produced by Actinomadura pelletieri, Actinomadura madurae, Nocardia brasiliensis, and Nocardia spp. The second cluster was in San Luis Potosí, where lithosols soil type predominates, with a mean annual temperature of 23.5° and a mean annual precipitation of 635.4 mm. In this area, all the cases were caused by N. brasiliensis. A.

madurae cases were identified in rendzinas, kastanozems, vertisols, and lithosols soils, and A. pelletieri cases in xerosols, kastanozems, and rendzinas soils. Previous thorn trauma with Acacia or Prosopis plants was referred by 35.4% of subjects. In these states, the presence of thorny plants, such as Acacia spp.,

TS-152.40-514-L-RD-20 AC Signs
121759 Pack of 20 Label(s)
EUR 29.9
Description: Description Dutch: ToughStripe gestanste cijfers en letters; Description French: Chiffres et lettres prédécoupés ToughStripe

TS-152.40-514-L-GN-20 AC Signs
121760 Pack of 20 Label(s)
EUR 29.9
Description: Description Dutch: ToughStripe gestanste cijfers en letters; Description French: Chiffres et lettres prédécoupés ToughStripe

TS-152.40-514-L-BL-20 AC Signs
121761 Pack of 20 Label(s)
EUR 29.9
Description: Description Dutch: ToughStripe gestanste cijfers en letters; Description French: Chiffres et lettres prédécoupés ToughStripe

TS-152.40-514-L-YL-20 AC Signs
121762 Pack of 20 Label(s)
EUR 29.9
Description: Description Dutch: ToughStripe gestanste cijfers en letters; Description French: Chiffres et lettres prédécoupés ToughStripe

10L MAGNETIC STIRRER WITH AC MOTOR (Upto 10L)
BLFHMGS01100000000 1 Unit Ask for price

PMNL-ZUUR-OR3-RL70-LL AC Signs
804302 Roll of 505 Mark(s)
EUR 280.21
Description: Description Dutch: Leidingmerker zonder drager - Zuren; Description French: Marqueur de tuyauterie

PMNL-ZUUR-OR4-RL70-LL AC Signs
804303 Roll of 220 Mark(s)
EUR 280.21
Description: Description Dutch: Leidingmerker zonder drager - Zuren; Description French: Marqueur de tuyauterie

AC-PEG-AC
abx085037-10kDa1g 10 kDa; 1 g
EUR 393.6

AC-PEG-AC
abx085037-1kDa1g 1 kDa; 1 g
EUR 393.6

AC-PEG-AC
abx085037-20kDa1g 20 kDa; 1 g
EUR 393.6

PMNL-ZURE OPLOSSING-OR3-RL70-LL AC Signs
804297 Roll of 505 Mark(s)
EUR 280.21
Description: Description Dutch: Leidingmerker zonder drager - Zuren; Description French: Marqueur de tuyauterie

PMNL-ZURE OPLOSSING-OR4-RL70-LL AC Signs
804298 Roll of 220 Mark(s)
EUR 280.21
Description: Description Dutch: Leidingmerker zonder drager - Zuren; Description French: Marqueur de tuyauterie

Ac-lys(ac)-OH
A169240 100mg
EUR 213
Description: 499-86-5

Ac-GPK(Ac)-pNA
5-00556 4 x 5mg
EUR 382.2
Description: Ac-Gly-Pro-Lys(Ac)-pNA

Ac-Tyr(Ac)-OH
5-03625 25g
EUR 43.68

Ac-Tyr(Ac)-OH
5-03626 100g
EUR 129.68

Ac-Lys(Ac)-OH
4025494.0001 1 g
EUR 75.29

Ac-Lys(Ac)-OH
4025494.0005 5 g
EUR 299.99

Ac-Lys(Ac)-OH
E-1775.0001 1.0g
EUR 151.2
Description: Sum Formula: C10H18N2O4; CAS# [499-86-5]

Ac-Lys(Ac)-OH
E-1775.0005 5.0g
EUR 501.6
Description: Sum Formula: C10H18N2O4; CAS# [499-86-5]

AC-PEG-AC,10K
33-HO009009-10K
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 1g
  • 5g
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

AC-PEG-AC,1K
33-HO009009-1K
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 1g
  • 5g
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

AC-PEG-AC,20K
33-HO009009-20K
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 1g
  • 5g
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

AC-PEG-AC,2K
33-HO009009-2K
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 1g
  • 5g
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

AC-PEG-AC,3.4K
33-HO009009-3.4K
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 1g
  • 5g
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

AC-PEG-AC,5K
33-HO009009-5K
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 1g
  • 5g
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

Ac-GPK(Ac)-pNA
MBS826326-10mg 10mg
EUR 905

Ac-GPK(Ac)-pNA
MBS826326-1mg 1mg
EUR 355

Ac-GPK(Ac)-pNA
MBS826326-5mg 5mg
EUR 540

Ac-GPK(Ac)-pNA
MBS826326-5x10mg 5x10mg
EUR 3975

Ac-lys(ac)-OH
TRC-A169240-1G 1 g Ask for price

Ac-lys(ac)-OH
TRC-A169240-100MG 100 mg Ask for price

Ac-lys(ac)-OH
TRC-A169240-500MG 500 mg Ask for price

AC-262,356/ AC-262,536
A-AC-1KG-01 10 g Ask for price

AC-262,356/ AC-262,536
A-AC-1KG-02 100 g Ask for price

AC-262,356/ AC-262,536
A-AC-1KG-03 500 g Ask for price

AC-262,356/ AC-262,536
A-AC-1KG-04 1 Kg Ask for price

AC
ABC-TC447S 1 vial Ask for price
Description: Tissue: blood; Transformed by: Epstein-Barr.

Ac-GPK(Ac)-Pna [Ac-Gly-Pro-Lys(Ac)pNA; MW:504.5]
SP-52003-25 25 mg
EUR 1302

Ac-DL-Lys(Ac)-OH
A176363 250mg
EUR 800
Description: 35436-74-9

Ac-DL-Lys(Ac)-OH
F-3205.0001 1.0g
EUR 166.8
Description: Sum Formula: C10H18N2O4; CAS# [35436-74-9]

Ac-DL-Lys(Ac)-OH
F-3205.0005 5.0g
EUR 572.4
Description: Sum Formula: C10H18N2O4; CAS# [35436-74-9]

Ac-DL-Lys(Ac)-OH
TRC-A176363-250MG 250 mg Ask for price

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
4044046.0005 5 mg
EUR 187.64

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
4044046.0025 25 mg
EUR 749.39

Ac-Gly-Ala-Lys(Ac)-AMC
4060671.0005 5 mg
EUR 187.64

Ac-Gly-Ala-Lys(Ac)-AMC
4060671.0025 25 mg
EUR 749.39

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
I-1925.0005 5.0mg
EUR 327.6
Description: Sum Formula: C28H40N8O7; CAS# [660846-97-9] net

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
I-1925.0025 25.0mg
EUR 1197.6
Description: Sum Formula: C28H40N8O7; CAS# [660846-97-9] net

Ac-Gly-Ala-Lys(Ac)-AMC
I-1975.0005 5.0mg
EUR 327.6
Description: Sum Formula: C25H33N5O7; CAS# [577969-56-3]

Ac-Gly-Ala-Lys(Ac)-AMC
I-1975.0025 25.0mg
EUR 1197.6
Description: Sum Formula: C25H33N5O7; CAS# [577969-56-3]

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
MBS5797770-25mg 25mg
EUR 1090

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
MBS5797770-5mg 5(mg
EUR 325

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
MBS5797770-5x25mg 5x25(mg
EUR 4765

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
T36686-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
T36686-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
T36686-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
T36686-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
T36686-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-MCA
MBS406244-1mg 1mg
EUR 200

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-MCA
MBS406244-5mg 5mg
EUR 535

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-MCA
MBS406244-5x1mg 5x1mg
EUR 865

Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-MCA
MBS406244-5x5mg 5x5mg
EUR 2340

Ac-Glutamine [Ac-Gln (MW: 188.18)]
SP-86674-5 5 mg
EUR 196.8

AC-264613
551012 10.0mg
EUR 260

AC-55541
530338 10.0mg
EUR 90

AC-186
531386 10.0mg
EUR 385

AC-262536
571415 25.0mg
EUR 325

AC 7700
571429 5.0mg
EUR 230

AC 220
A115000 10mg
EUR 104
Description: 950769-58-1

AC 42
A115600 5mg
EUR 121

AC 55649
A192203 100mg
EUR 1800
Description: 59662-49-6

AC 261066
A192213 250mg
EUR 3000
Description: 870773-76-5

AC-55541
9412-25 each
EUR 496.8

AC-55541
9412-5 each
EUR 170.4

AC 55541
A8669-10 10 mg
EUR 218.4
Description: Angiogenesis|PAR1

AC 55541
A8669-25 25 mg
EUR 717.6
Description: AC 55541 is a potent agonist of PAR2 with pEC50 value of 6.7 and functions range from 200 to 1000 nM [1-3].

AC 55541
A8669-5 5 mg
EUR 132.8
Description: Angiogenesis|PAR1

AC 55541
A8669-50 50mg
EUR 939.2
Description: Angiogenesis|PAR1

AC 264613
A8670-10 10 mg
EUR 400
Description: Angiogenesis|PAR1

AC 264613
A8670-50 50 mg
EUR 1319.2
Description: Angiogenesis|PAR1

Ac-Pepstatin
5-00564 10mg
EUR 180.18
Description: Ac-Val-Val-Sta-Ala-Sta

Ac-Glutamine
5-00569 4 x 5mg
EUR 155.61
Description: Ac-Gln

Ac-Osu
5-02107 100g
EUR 109.2

Ac-Osu
5-02108 500g
EUR 477.75

AC 55649
B7052-10 10 mg
EUR 184
Description: Others|RARs

AC 55649
B7052-50 50 mg
EUR 752.8
Description: Others|RARs

AC 45594
B7252-10 10 mg
EUR 144
Description: Others|Nuclear Receptors

AC 45594
B7252-50 50 mg
EUR 607.2
Description: Others|Nuclear Receptors

AC-186
B2980-1 1 mg
EUR 150

AC-186
B2980-5 5 mg
EUR 417.6

AC 187
B5424-.5 500 ug
EUR 625.6
Description: GPCR/G protein|Calcitonin and Related Receptors

9-AC
B6525-100 100 mg
EUR 78.4
Description: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel|Chloride Channels

AC 261066
B7574-10 10 mg
EUR 456
Description: Others|RARs

AC 261066
B7574-50 50 mg
EUR 1418.4
Description: Others|RARs

ac Antibody
CSB-PA318709XA01DLU-02mg 0.2mg Ask for price
Description: Recombinant Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) ac protein

ac Antibody
CSB-PA318709XA01DLU-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: Recombinant Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) ac protein

ac Antibody
CSB-PA325623XA01EDZ-02mg 0.2mg Ask for price
Description: Recombinant Enterobacteria phage T4 (Bacteriophage T4) ac protein

ac Antibody
CSB-PA325623XA01EDZ-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: Recombinant Enterobacteria phage T4 (Bacteriophage T4) ac protein

mPEG-AC
abx085017-10kDa1g 10 kDa; 1 g
EUR 444

mPEG-AC
abx085017-1kDa1g 1 kDa; 1 g
EUR 427.2

mPEG-AC
abx085017-20kDa1g 20 kDa; 1 g
EUR 444

mPEG-AC
abx085017-5kDa1g 5 kDa; 1 g
EUR 427.2

AC-55541
MBS131136-100mg 100mg
EUR 1065

AC-55541
MBS131136-500mg 500mg
EUR 2775

AC-55541
MBS130896-100mg 100mg
EUR 1065

AC-55541
MBS130896-500mg 500mg
EUR 2775

AC-710
MBS131405-100mg 100mg
EUR 1495

Ac-Exatecan
HY-79490 10 mg
EUR 102.82
Description: Ac-Exatecan is acetylated Exatecan (HY-13631). Exatecan (DX-8951) is a common toxin component in ADC preparation (ADC Cytotoxin) and an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I (IC50=2.2 μM)[1].

AC-7954
HY-10658 Get quote Ask for price
Description: AC-7954 is a selective nonpeptidic urotensin receptor agonist (EC50: 300 nM at the human UII receptor)[1].

AC-55649
HY-108526 5mg
EUR 129.87
Description: AC-55649 is a potent, highly isoform-selective agonist of human RARβ2 receptor, with a pEC50 of 6.9.

AC-261066
HY-108532 10 mg
EUR 887.46
Description: AC-261066 is a potent, orally available and isoform-selective retinoic acid beta2 (RARbeta2) receptor agonist, with a pEC50 of 8.0[1].

AC-186
HY-110157 1 mg
EUR 638.54
Description: AC-186 is a selective non-steroidal estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist with EC50s of 6 nM and 5000 nM for ERβ and ERα, respectively. AC-186 shows gender specific neuroprotection in a Parkinson’s Disease rat model[1].

AC-099
HY-154829 Get quote Ask for price
Description: AC-099 (compound 3) is a selective NPFF2R full agonist (EC50=1189 nM) and NPFF1R partial agonist (EC50=2370 nM). AC-099 attenuates spinal nerve ligation-induced hypersensitivity in rats[1][2].

ac Antibody
GWB-MS238D 50ug Ask for price

AC-90179
HY-117118A 2mg
EUR 151.52
Description: AC-90179 is a selective 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist (Ki = 2.1 nM) and 5-HT2C antagonist, a potential antipsychotic compound[1].

AC-265347
HY-117851 10mg
EUR 250
Description: AC-265347 is a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist and positive allosteric modulator (ago-PAM) with the functional affinity (pKB) of 5.1. AC-265347 can be used for the research of hyperparathyroidism and related diseases[1].

AC-93253
HY-118343 10 mg
EUR 423.17
Description: AC-93253 is a selective, potent SIRT2 inhibitor. AC93253 can inhibit SIRT2 with an IC50 value of 6 μM. AC93253 can be used for the research of tumors[1].

AC-42
HY-118806 Get quote Ask for price
Description: AC-42 is a poent M1 muscarinic selective allosteric agonist with EC50s of 805 nM and 220 nM for human wild-type and Y381A mutated M1 receptors, respectively[1].

AC-262536
HY-122025 10 mg
EUR 551.96
Description: AC-262536 is a selective and non-steroidal androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) with beneficial anabolic effects. AC-262536 exhibits potent agonist activity at the androgen receptor, with an affinity in the low nanomolar range (1-10 nM)[1].

AC-73
HY-122214 10 mg
EUR 703.47
Description: AC-73 is a first specific, orally active inhibitor of cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), which specifically disrupts CD147 dimerization, thereby mainly suppressing the CD147/ERK1/2/STAT3/MMP-2 pathways. AC-73 inhibits the motility and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells[1]. AC-73 is also an anti-proliferative agent and an inducer of autophagy in leukemic cells[2].

AC-386
HY-143463 Get quote Ask for price
Description: AC-386 is a highly potent c-Met inhibitor with IC50 value of 7.42 nM. AC-386 has antiproliferative activities against certain cancer cell lines. AC-386 can be used for researching anti-cancer resistance[1].

AC-55541
HY-14350 10mM/1mL
EUR 857.16
Description: AC-55541 is a highly selective protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonist (pEC50=6.7), displays no activity at other PAR subtypes or at over 30 other receptors involved in nociception and inflammation. AC-55541 has pEC50 values of 5.9 and 6.6 in PI hydrolysis assays and Ca2+ mobilization assays and exhibits pronociceptive activity in vivo[1].

AC-264613
HY-14351 1 mg
EUR 113.64
Description: AC-264613 is a potent and selective protease-activated receptor (PAR-2) agonist with a pEC50 of 7.5[1].

AC 45594
MBS3610901-10mg 10mg
EUR 340

AC 45594
MBS3610901-25mg 25mg
EUR 520

AC 45594
MBS3610901-2mg 2mg
EUR 245

AC 45594
MBS3610901-50mg 50mg
EUR 750

AC 45594
MBS3610901-5mg 5mg
EUR 290

AC-42
MBS3840079-10mg 10mg
EUR 345

AC-42
MBS3840079-25mg 25mg
EUR 635

AC-42
MBS3840079-5mg 5mg
EUR 240

AC-42
MBS3840079-5x25mg 5x25mg
EUR 2845

AC-55541
MBS3845642-100mg 100mg
EUR 1075

AC-55541
MBS3845642-10mg 10mg
EUR 240

AC-55541
MBS3845642-50mg 50mg
EUR 570

AC-55541
MBS3845642-5mg 5mg
EUR 175

AC-55541
MBS3845642-5x100mg 5x100mg
EUR 4825

AC-264613
MBS3607122-10mg 10mg
EUR 255

AC-264613
MBS3607122-25mg 25mg
EUR 325

Prosopis spp., Senegalia greggi, Vachellia farnesiana and Vachellia rigidula, are common.Mapping this neglectedtropical infection aids in the detection of disease cluster areas, the development of public health strategies for early diagnosis and disease prediction models; this paves the way for more ecological niche etiological agent research.