Mycetoma is a chronic, granulomatous infection of subcutaneous tissue, that may involve deep structures and bone. It can be caused by bacteria (actinomycetoma) or fungi (eumycetoma). There is an epidemiological association between mycetoma and the environment, including rainfall, temperature and humidity but there are still many knowledge gaps in the identification of the natural habitat of actinomycetes, their primary reservoir, and their precise geographical distribution.
Knowing the potential distribution of this infection and its ecological niche in endemic areas is relevant to determine disease management strategies and etiological agent habitat or reservoirs.This was an ambispective descriptive study of 31 patients with actinomycetoma.
We determined the biophysical characteristics including temperature, precipitation, soil type, vegetation, etiological agents, and mapped actinomycetoma cases in Northeast Mexico. We identified two disease cluster areas. One in Nuevo Leon, with a predominantly kastanozems soil type, with a mean annual temperature of 22°, and a mean annual precipitation of 585.2 mm.
Herein, mycetoma cases were produced by Actinomadura pelletieri, Actinomadura madurae, Nocardia brasiliensis, and Nocardia spp. The second cluster was in San Luis Potosí, where lithosols soil type predominates, with a mean annual temperature of 23.5° and a mean annual precipitation of 635.4 mm. In this area, all the cases were caused by N. brasiliensis. A.
madurae cases were identified in rendzinas, kastanozems, vertisols, and lithosols soils, and A. pelletieri cases in xerosols, kastanozems, and rendzinas soils. Previous thorn trauma with Acacia or Prosopis plants was referred by 35.4% of subjects. In these states, the presence of thorny plants, such as Acacia spp.,
![]() AC-PEG-AC |
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abx085037-20kDa1g | Abbexa | 20 kDa; 1 g | EUR 328 |
![]() Ac-GPK(Ac)-pNA |
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5-00556 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Tyr(Ac)-OH |
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5-03625 | CHI Scientific | 25g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Tyr(Ac)-OH |
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5-03626 | CHI Scientific | 100g | Ask for price |
![]() AC-PEG-AC,10K |
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33-HO009009-10K | Biochempeg |
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Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound. |
![]() AC-PEG-AC,1K |
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33-HO009009-1K | Biochempeg |
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Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound. |
![]() AC-PEG-AC,20K |
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33-HO009009-20K | Biochempeg |
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Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound. |
![]() AC-PEG-AC,2K |
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33-HO009009-2K | Biochempeg |
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Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound. |
![]() AC-PEG-AC,3.4K |
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33-HO009009-3.4K | Biochempeg |
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Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound. |
![]() AC-PEG-AC,5K |
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33-HO009009-5K | Biochempeg |
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Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound. |
![]() Ac-Lys(Ac)-OH |
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E-1775.0001 | Bachem | 1.0g | EUR 126 |
Description: Sum Formula: C10H18N2O4; CAS# [499-86-5] |
![]() Ac-Lys(Ac)-OH |
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E-1775.0005 | Bachem | 5.0g | EUR 418 |
Description: Sum Formula: C10H18N2O4; CAS# [499-86-5] |
![]() SmartBlue |
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E4000-AC | BenchMark | 1 PC | EUR 96.32 |
![]() Acylase (1000 U/mg material), Porcine kidney |
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AC-01 | Alpha Diagnostics | 2 gm | EUR 408 |
![]() Acylase (2000 U/mg material), Porcine kidney |
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AC-02 | Alpha Diagnostics | 2 gm | EUR 408 |
![]() Ac-GPK(Ac)-Pna [Ac-Gly-Pro-Lys(Ac)pNA; MW:504.5] |
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SP-52003-25 | Alpha Diagnostics | 25 mg | EUR 1085 |
![]() Ac-DL-Lys(Ac)-OH |
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F-3205.0001 | Bachem | 1.0g | EUR 139 |
Description: Sum Formula: C10H18N2O4; CAS# [35436-74-9] |
![]() Ac-DL-Lys(Ac)-OH |
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F-3205.0005 | Bachem | 5.0g | EUR 477 |
Description: Sum Formula: C10H18N2O4; CAS# [35436-74-9] |
![]() Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC |
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I-1925.0005 | Bachem | 5.0mg | EUR 273 |
Description: Sum Formula: C28H40N8O7; CAS# [660846-97-9] net |
![]() Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC |
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I-1925.0025 | Bachem | 25.0mg | EUR 998 |
Description: Sum Formula: C28H40N8O7; CAS# [660846-97-9] net |
![]() Ac-Gly-Ala-Lys(Ac)-AMC |
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I-1975.0005 | Bachem | 5.0mg | EUR 273 |
Description: Sum Formula: C25H33N5O7; CAS# [577969-56-3] |
![]() Ac-Gly-Ala-Lys(Ac)-AMC |
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I-1975.0025 | Bachem | 25.0mg | EUR 998 |
Description: Sum Formula: C25H33N5O7; CAS# [577969-56-3] |
![]() Ac-Glutamine [Ac-Gln (MW: 188.18)] |
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SP-86674-5 | Alpha Diagnostics | 5 mg | EUR 164 |
![]() AC-55541 |
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9412-25 | Biovision | EUR 414 |
![]() AC-55541 |
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9412-5 | Biovision | EUR 142 |
![]() Soyasaponin Ac |
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TBW00154 | ChemNorm | 5mg | EUR 634 |
![]() AC-186 |
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B2980-1 | Biovision | 1 mg | EUR 125 |
![]() AC-186 |
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B2980-5 | Biovision | 5 mg | EUR 348 |
![]() AC antibody |
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70R-1978 | Fitzgerald | 50 ug | EUR 467 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal AC antibody raised against the N terminal Of Ac |
![]() Ac-Pepstatin |
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5-00564 | CHI Scientific | 10mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Glutamine |
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5-00569 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Osu |
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5-02107 | CHI Scientific | 100g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Osu |
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5-02108 | CHI Scientific | 500g | Ask for price |
![]() mPEG-AC |
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abx085017-10kDa1g | Abbexa | 10 kDa; 1 g | EUR 370 |
![]() mPEG-AC |
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abx085017-1kDa1g | Abbexa | 1 kDa; 1 g | EUR 356 |
![]() mPEG-AC |
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abx085017-20kDa1g | Abbexa | 20 kDa; 1 g | EUR 370 |
![]() mPEG-AC |
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abx085017-5kDa1g | Abbexa | 5 kDa; 1 g | EUR 356 |
![]() AC-55541 |
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HY-14350 | MedChemExpress | 10mM/1mL | EUR 175 |
![]() AC-55649 |
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HY-108526 | MedChemExpress | 5mg | EUR 187 |
![]() AC 55541 |
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A8669-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 293 |
Description: AC 55541 is a potent agonist of PAR2 with pEC50 value of 6.7 and functions range from 200 to 1000 nM [1-3]. |
![]() AC 55541 |
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A8669-25 | ApexBio | 25 mg | EUR 598 |
Description: AC 55541 is a potent agonist of PAR2 with pEC50 value of 6.7 and functions range from 200 to 1000 nM [1-3]. |
![]() AC 55541 |
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A8669-5 | ApexBio | 5 mg | EUR 196 |
Description: AC 55541 is a potent agonist of PAR2 with pEC50 value of 6.7 and functions range from 200 to 1000 nM [1-3]. |
![]() AC 264613 |
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A8670-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 340 |
Description: AC 264613 is a potent agonist of PAR2 with pEC50 value of 7.5 and potencies range from 30 to 100 nM [1, 2]. |
![]() AC 264613 |
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A8670-50 | ApexBio | 50 mg | EUR 1276 |
Description: AC 264613 is a potent agonist of PAR2 with pEC50 value of 7.5 and potencies range from 30 to 100 nM [1, 2]. |
![]() AC 45594 |
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B7252-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 226 |
Description: AC 45594 is a full inverse agonist of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) with an IC50 value of 50~100 nM [1].SF-1 is a constitutively nuclear hormone receptor. It is essential to the development of gonadal and adrenal glands. |
![]() AC 45594 |
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B7252-50 | ApexBio | 50 mg | EUR 689 |
Description: AC 45594 is a full inverse agonist of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) with an IC50 value of 50~100 nM [1].SF-1 is a constitutively nuclear hormone receptor. It is essential to the development of gonadal and adrenal glands. |
![]() AC 261066 |
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B7574-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 373 |
Description: AC 261066 is an agonist of retinoic acid receptor subtype ? isoform 2 (RAR?2) [1] [2]. It is also called UVI2062 [3]. AC 261066 exhibited good oral bioavailability in rats (Foral= 52%) [4]. |
![]() AC 261066 |
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B7574-50 | ApexBio | 50 mg | EUR 1363 |
Description: AC 261066 is an agonist of retinoic acid receptor subtype ? isoform 2 (RAR?2) [1] [2]. It is also called UVI2062 [3]. AC 261066 exhibited good oral bioavailability in rats (Foral= 52%) [4]. |
![]() AC 187 |
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B5424-.5 | ApexBio | 500 ug | EUR 551 |
Description: Amylin is a 37-amino acid peptide co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic ?-ells. The plasma concentration of amyline increases with nutrient stimuli. |
![]() 9-AC |
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B6525-100 | ApexBio | 100 mg | EUR 145 |
![]() AC 55649 |
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B7052-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 268 |
Description: AC 55649 is a potent and selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor ?2 (RAR?2) isotype with a pEC50 value of 6.9 ± 0.4 [1]. RAR?2 is a tumor suppressor gene. In several human neoplasms, it is frequently hypermethylated [2]. |
![]() AC 55649 |
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B7052-50 | ApexBio | 50 mg | EUR 973 |
Description: AC 55649 is a potent and selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor ?2 (RAR?2) isotype with a pEC50 value of 6.9 ± 0.4 [1]. RAR?2 is a tumor suppressor gene. In several human neoplasms, it is frequently hypermethylated [2]. |
![]() Ac-Lys(Ac)-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH |
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M-1325.0050 | Bachem | 50.0mg | EUR 273 |
Description: Sum Formula: C16H28N4O6; CAS# [24570-39-6] |
![]() Ac-Lys(Ac)-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH |
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M-1325.0250 | Bachem | 250.0mg | EUR 998 |
Description: Sum Formula: C16H28N4O6; CAS# [24570-39-6] |
![]() Ac-Lys(Ac)-D-Ala-D-lactic acid |
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M-1330.0050 | Bachem | 50.0mg | EUR 393 |
Description: Sum Formula: C16H27N3O7; CAS# [65882-12-4] |
![]() Ac-Lys(Ac)-D-Ala-D-lactic acid |
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M-1330.0250 | Bachem | 250.0mg | EUR 1482 |
Description: Sum Formula: C16H27N3O7; CAS# [65882-12-4] |
![]() 2'-Ac-Docetaxel |
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TBQ0005 | ChemNorm | unit | Ask for price |
![]() AC Blocking Peptide |
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33R-3003 | Fitzgerald | 100 ug | EUR 180 |
Description: A synthetic peptide for use as a blocking control in assays to test for specificity of ac antibody, catalog no. 70R-1978 |
![]() Ac-DEVD-CHO |
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B1951-1 | Biovision | EUR 142 |
![]() Ac-DEVD-CHO |
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B1951-5 | Biovision | EUR 414 |
![]() Ac-WEHD-AFC |
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B2214-25 | Biovision | EUR 675 |
![]() Ac-WEHD-AFC |
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B2214-5 | Biovision | EUR 207 |
![]() Ac-WEHD-pNA |
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B2282-25 | Biovision | EUR 588 |
![]() Ac-VEID-pNA |
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B2283-25 | Biovision | EUR 588 |
![]() Ac-VEID-pNA |
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B2283-5 | Biovision | EUR 185 |
![]() Ac-IEPD-AFC |
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B2526-25 | Biovision | EUR 838 |
![]() Ac-IEPD-AFC |
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B2526-5 | Biovision | EUR 251 |
![]() Ac-IETD-AMC |
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13411 | AAT Bioquest | 5 mg | EUR 219 |
![]() (Ac-ANW)2R110 |
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13455 | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | EUR 219 |
![]() (Ac-KQL)2R110 |
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13465 | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | EUR 132 |
![]() (Ac-PAL)2R110 |
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13467 | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | EUR 132 |
![]() (Ac-WLA)2R110 |
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13468 | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | EUR 132 |
![]() pCMV6- AC- GFP |
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PVT10701 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 370 |
![]() Ac- a-Endorphin |
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5-00540 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-D-E |
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5-00553 | CHI Scientific | 24 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-GPK-pNA |
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5-00555 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-IEAR-pNA |
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5-00559 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-IETD-pNA |
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5-00560 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-LEHD-pNA |
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5-00561 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 1mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-g-Endorphin |
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5-00568 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 1mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 |
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5-00572 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-VEID-pNA |
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5-00574 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-YVAD-pNA |
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5-00575 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-HMBA-linker |
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5-02191 | CHI Scientific | 5g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-HMBA-linker |
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5-02192 | CHI Scientific | 25g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Ala-OH |
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5-02327 | CHI Scientific | 5g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Ala-OH |
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5-02328 | CHI Scientific | 25g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Ala-OMe |
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5-02329 | CHI Scientific | 25g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Ala-OMe |
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5-02330 | CHI Scientific | 100g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Arg-OH |
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5-02405 | CHI Scientific | 100g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Arg-OH |
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5-02406 | CHI Scientific | 500g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Asp-OH |
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5-02509 | CHI Scientific | 5g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Asp-OH |
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5-02510 | CHI Scientific | 25g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Asp-OBzl |
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5-02511 | CHI Scientific | 5g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Asp-OBzl |
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5-02512 | CHI Scientific | 25g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Asp-OtBu |
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5-02513 | CHI Scientific | 5g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Asp-OtBu |
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5-02514 | CHI Scientific | 25g | Ask for price |
![]() Ac-Cys-OH |
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5-02601 | CHI Scientific | 25g | Ask for price |
Prosopis spp., Senegalia greggi, Vachellia farnesiana and Vachellia rigidula, are common.Mapping this neglectedtropical infection aids in the detection of disease cluster areas, the development of public health strategies for early diagnosis and disease prediction models; this paves the way for more ecological niche etiological agent research.